Introduction
Academic procrastination is considered problematic to academic success and a self-regulated failure among university students (Zhang et al., 2018; Hailikari et al., 2021). It is necessary to study the trend of academic procrastination comprehensively to manage to reduce it.
The Emergence of Academic Procrastination
Procrastination is a shared learning phenomenon, which
usually leads to a delay in learning tasks and activities, thus
decreasing the quality and quantity of students' learning. A prevalent
and universal problematic behavior (Gao et al., 2021), “academic procrastination” appears when it relates to academic settings (Aznar-Diaz et al., 2020).
There are various definitions of academic procrastination as it occurs
in different fields. It means putting off tasks or failing to finish
them (Aznar-Diaz et al., 2020) or delaying academic studies purposefully (Schraw et al., 2007; Chen, 2019).
It can also be described as a failure of self-regulation, incapable of
supervising, regulating, and playing with the preferred criteria for
controlling impulses, emotions, task performance, and thoughts (Wolters, 2003; Balkis and Duru, 2016; Zhang et al., 2018).
Academic procrastination is a deliberate postponement of academic assignments, which is a common phenomenon among students (Mohammadi Bytamar et al., 2020)
despite awareness of its consequences. It is reported that about 80–95%
of college students were engaged in such problematic behavior (Rahimi et al., 2016), and it is estimated that 90% of college students procrastinate for more than an hour every day (Klassen et al., 2008; Rahimi et al., 2016).
The Impediment of Academic Procrastination
Academic procrastination, which is common among students
at all levels of education, is associated with negative consequences,
such as failure (Sarid et al., 2021). Academic procrastination does not exist as an independent phenomenon (Solomon and Rothblum, 1984; Steel, 2007; Rakes and Dunn, 2010; Chow, 2011; Janssen, 2015; Ziegler and Opdenakker, 2018). In fact, many researchers acknowledge its negative association with self-regulated learning strategies and academic success.
Lots of previous research reveals that academic procrastination is a severe threat to the academic success of students (Kim and Seo, 2015; Steel and Klingsieck, 2016; Jin et al., 2019).
It hinders academic success by its negative effects on the learning
quantity and quality and results in lower achievement in academic
settings (Howell and Watson, 2007; Batool, 2020).
As an adverse effect of the failure of self-regulatory learning, academic procrastination (Howell and Watson, 2007; Cerezo et al., 2016)
leads to learning activities being delayed for students in academic
settings. Prior studies also claim that failure to regulate oneself is
one of the main reasons causing procrastination (Steel, 2007; Steel and Klingsieck, 2016; Jin et al., 2019).
The Present Study
Scholars have conducted much research on academic
procrastination. However, most of the articles start from a single point
of view, and some scholars focus on its relationship with other
strategies or factors (Aznar-Diaz et al., 2020; Limone et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2021), such as its relationship with self-regulated strategies (Ziegler and Opdenakker, 2018), academic achievement (Batool, 2020), and life satisfaction (Çikrikçi and Erzen, 2020). Some scholars focus on interventions to reduce academic procrastination (Hanger et al., 2019; Krispenz et al., 2019), and a few studies focus on reviewing the literature on the subject matter (Pinxten et al., 2019; Wernecke et al., 2019; Svartdal et al., 2020).
The present literature is found to be lacking in a comprehensive review
of academic procrastination and the highlights of the topic in recent
years. Academic procrastination is connected to other areas, including
education, psychology, psychiatry, management, computer science,
economics, and social science. A bibliometric analysis is necessary to
understand the progress and hot spots of academic procrastination
comprehensively.
Bibliometrics is a unique R-tool for comprehensive
scientific map analysis, developed using statistical computation and
graphic R languages following a logical bibliometric workflow, including
all significant bibliometric analysis methods. It is used to evaluate a
specific subject's quantity and development trend (Chen et al., 2018, 2021; Hao et al., 2018). It is also a valuable assessment of books, articles, and other publications in a particular field with the passage of time (van Raan, 2005).
Bibliometrics can help researchers to observe the performance of
various subjects. This paper uses R-tool and VOSviewer to generate maps
and carry out a systematic and comprehensive analysis of academic
procrastination.
This study is structured as follows. First, data sources
and the methods used are reviewed. Second, bibliometric analysis
leverages the results from the following six aspects: publication trend,
classification analysis, author co-citation network and author
collaboration network, cooperation analysis of institutions and
countries, analysis of journal co-citation, and analysis of cited
references. Third, hot spots of the research and new trends in
particular areas are then summarized. Fourth, conclusions as well as
future directions of research are put forth. Compared with the
traditional literature review method, this paper comprehensively
highlights new trends in academic procrastination. The systematic
collection, collation, and analysis of research papers related to
academic procrastination serve as a guideline for future researchers who
are interested in exploring academic procrastination. This study seeks
to answer the following research questions: (1) What are the subject
categories and general publication trends? (2) Which
organizations/institutions, authors, or countries are involved actively
in academic procrastination study? (3) Which journals are cited most in
the area of academic procrastination research study? (4) What are the
highly cited references in academic procrastination study? (5) What are
the emerging trends and the hot research topics in academic
procrastination articles?
Methodology
Data Collection
There are two well-known bibliometric databases: Clarivate Analytics' Web of Science (WoS) and SCOPUS (Aghaei Chadegani et al., 2013).
Besides these two reliable sources, new bibliometric databases have
recently become available, such as Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic,
Dimensions, and the Open Citations Index of CrossRef open DOI-to-DOI
citations (COCI) (Martin-Martin et al., 2020).
To select the proper database for the current study, a title search
with the same syntax was carried out on both databases. There were 1,240
documents on WoS and 1,202 documents on SCOPUS. The results indicate
that the WoS database was more successful in covering the title search
compared with SCOPUS. Therefore, for the current study, data has been
retrieved from the WoS database due to its high quality standards and
wider coverage, which can easily refine and filter queries (Elaish et al., 2019). There are 1,240 articles analyzed in this study. The method of querying is showed as follows (see Figure 1).
Data Analysis
In the present study, the Bibliometrix tool with the
graphic R language (version R x64 4.0.3) was used to analyze the
selected publications on the field of academic procrastination
comprehensively and clearly, such as the hot research topics, the paper
quality, sources, best authors, most cited keywords, and research
categories from the year 1938 to January of 2021.
All information on the data has been exported into
Microsoft Office Excel to analyze. In addition, VOSviewer is a
visualizing and constructing software tool for bibliometric papers (van Eck and Waltman, 2010).
The co-occurrence network in terms of keywords unit; the bibliographic
coupling network in terms of authors, countries, sources, and
organizations unit; and the co-citation network in terms of cited
authors and cited references unit were imported into VOSviewer for
further detailed analyses.
Results
Analysis of Publication Outputs
The publication trends in each year can help in understanding academic procrastination's stages of development (Guo et al., 2021). As presented in Figure 2,
overall, the main trend of annual publications is on the rise. The
total number of articles published in 1938–1992 was 109, and among these
years, the articles in each year were no more than 10; the years
1939–1947, 1949–1956, 1958–1960, 1963–1965, and 1969 have no articles at
all. After 1993, the number of articles shows a continuous rising
trend: in the year 2007, there were 31 articles published; in the year
2013, there were 53 articles published; in the year 2020, there were 111
articles published. There were roughly two periods in publication
development. The first one began from 1938 to 1992, and the number of
publications about academic procrastination were scarce, which reflects
that academic procrastination was not very popular at that time. In the
second one from 1993 to 2021, the number of academic procrastination
articles published increased rapidly, indicating the increasing
attention and research on academic procrastination. To some extent, it
can be seen that researchers or scholars begin to attach importance to
the problem of academic procrastination.
Analysis of Categories
According to WoS classification, a literature review on
academic procrastination is able to reflect the research development
level of a particular discipline in a particular period and display
research objects that are receiving more and more attention as time goes
by Hamidi and Ramavandi (2020). Academic procrastination includes about 25 field classifications in the WoS database. Table 1
shows the top five subject categories, which includes educational
research (201 articles, 16.21%), psychology multidiscipline (118
articles, 9.52%), psychology educational (90 articles, 7.26%), clinical
neurology (86 articles, 6.94%), and rehabilitation (59 articles, 4.76%).
The subject categories distribution shows that key points in these
subjects gained high priority in the studies. The publication number in
different categories shows the trends of academic procrastination study
in various fields.
Analysis of Institutions and Countries
The study of national distribution is helpful to know the
geographical and spatial distribution of papers. The cooperation
between countries in academic procrastination study is shown in Figure 3A;
the VOSviewer was used to plot the visualization of main countries. The
size of the nodes represents the difference in the number of articles
published in different countries. The larger node represents more
published articles. International institutions; and countries'
cooperation and exchanges among institutions and countries must be
strengthened.
As can be seen from Table 2,
the United States has the largest number of published articles, about
460, which accounts for 37.10%, followed by Canada's 64 articles, which
account for 5.16%, and Turkey's 62 articles. There are 899 articles
published by the top 10 countries, accounting for 72.50% of the total
1,240 articles on academic procrastination research, and other countries
on academic procrastination research account for only 27.50%.
A country's total number of
citations is another significant indicator of a country's scientific
impact in the field of academic procrastination. Notably, the total
number of citations for the United States is significantly higher than
for any other country (9,749 citations in all). The United States
analyzed the causes, development, negative effects, and elimination of
academic procrastination actively. In terms of the TC/P and TC values,
the United States, Canada, England, Turkey, and Germany significantly
contribute to the full effort. Canada's TC/P was as high as 35.574
although Spain has relatively low TC and TC/P.
As shown in Figure 3B, the VOSviewer software was used to draw a visualization map of the major organizations. Table 3
lists the top 10 most productive institutions in publishing. The
institutions that bring influential effects are the University of
Washington (25 articles); University of California, Los Angeles (17
articles); McGill University (14 articles); The Ohio State University
(14 articles); University of Colorado (14 articles); and Mayo Clinic (14
articles). In these institutions, eight came from the United States,
and the remaining two are from Turkey and Canada, which show that the
United States made a remarkable contribution to the area of academic
procrastination.
Analysis of Author Co-citation Network and Author Collaboration Network
The author of the research plays a critical part in
reflecting research competence and evaluating progress in the academic
area. In Figure 4A,
cooperation among authors is mapped vividly in the field of academic
procrastination, using the VOSviewer software to create the
visualization map of the main authors. It is worth noting that most
authors like working with a small number of collaborators, which led to
few links between the major authors. From 1938 to 2021, the top 10 most
prolific authors and their affiliates are listed in Table 4.
In terms of their published articles, the authors who come from Germany
(17 articles) dominate the published articles. Other authors with
prominent publications include Murat Balkis (nine articles) and Stefan
Fries (nine articles). The unremitting efforts of these authors
contribute to the promotion of research on academic procrastination. For
instance, the author Pilcher from Germany studies delaying school,
which is caused by sleep response (Pilcher, 2016).
Balkis and Duru investigates the role of self-regulated failure on
procrastination as well as the impact of procrastination on affective
well-being and academic life satisfaction (Balkis and Duru, 2016).
Grunschel et al. reveals that, through the mediation of academic
procrastination, the relationships among motivational regulation
strategies, students' academic performance, and affective/cognitive
well-being are positive and indirect (Grunschel et al., 2016).
A study from Herndon et al. shows that students with a high tendency
for gratification delaying and a low tendency for violent action
achieved great scores on the tests (Herndon et al., 2015). Ozer et al. uses cognitive interventions on the procrastination of students to evaluate a short-term treatment plan (Ozer et al., 2013).
As for analysis of co-authorship, in Figure 4B,
the VOSviewer software plotted the mapping of the co-cited authors, and
they are represented by their tags, by default, as well as by a circle.
The higher the weight of the co-cited authors, the larger the label and
the circle of the item. The cluster of the items determined the color
of the item. Links were represented by the lines between items. Table 5
lists the top 10 most frequently cited authors. The most frequently
cited authors were Esther D. Rothblum (frequency 201) and L. J. Solomon
(frequency 201), who examine how often procrastination of college
students and the causes of procrastination action and academic
assignments (Solomon and Rothblum, 1984).
The second is Klassen et al. (frequency 110), who conducted two studies
to investigate academic procrastination and motivation (Klassen et al., 2010).
The third was Milgram et al. (frequency 82), who found that avoidant
procrastination is common to delay actions in both non-academic life
routines and academic assignments (Milgram et al., 1998).
Fourth place went to Senecal et al. (frequency 79), who investigated
the function of self-regulation in predicting academic procrastination (Senécal et al., 1995).
Analysis of Co-citation Journals
To identify the core journals in an area, one must focus on the frequency and the number of article citations. Table 6 shows that Personality and Individual Differences published the most, followed by Learning and Individual Differences. Notably, Personality and Individual Differences is also cited the most (993 citations). The results suggest that Personality and Individual Differences
plays an important role in academic procrastination research, which is
far more valuable than any other journal. The H-index can be used to
assess the impact of journals. According to the H-index, Personality and Individual Differences
went the first rank with the highest H-index of 16, which has the
greatest effect on academic procrastination study. A classification of
the top five journals in terms of subjects discovered that Psychology and Social
received attention more than other journals. Higher citations and more
publications in these journals indicatie that these journals occupy the
most popular places in the area.
By analyzing the co-citation journals,
it is found that the distribution of highly cited journals is reflected
vividly in the academic procrastination area. In Figure 5, the VOSviewer software was used to draw the time zone view of the network of co-cited journals.
Analysis of Cited References
Table 7
lists the top 10 reference articles based on the number of citations.
The cited references analysis helps researchers to understand the
internal relationships among organizations, authors, and countries. In
the field of academic procrastination, the most cited reference is from
author Laura J. Solomon, “Academic Procrastination: Frequency and
Cognitive-Behavioral Correlates.” The second comes from Piers Steel,
“The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review
of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure” (Steel, 2007).
The third is Dianne M Tice, “The Nature of Procrastination: A
Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory
Failure” (Tice and Baumeister, 1997). The fourth is Lay, “At Last, My Research Article on Procrastination” (Lay, 1986).
Their research is considered the base of the area due to the high
co-citation and great impact. In terms of geographical distribution, six
authors—Laura J. Solomon, Dianne M. Tice, Esther D. Rothblum, A. Ellis,
Gregory Schraw, and Joseph R. Ferrari—came from the United States,
which shows that the United States led the research of academic
procrastination.
Hot Research Topics and Emerging Trends
Hot Research Topics
Analyzing keyword frequency in the research field and
specific discipline could give a rough overview of the field of the
academic procrastination. As shown in Figure 6A, the VOSviewer software was used to draw the keyword co-occurrence network.
Cluster 1 (Red): The largest node
was children, which relates to 85 keywords, including adolescents,
health, age, young children, youth, and education. This cluster focuses
more on the different education stages of academic procrastination.
Cluster 2 (Green): The largest node was procrastination,
which is mostly associated with keywords, such as academic
procrastination, academic performance, trait motivation, college,
academic achievement, and self-efficacy. This branch mainly focuses on
different types of procrastination and the important factors related to
them.
Cluster 3 (Blue): The largest node is academic
procrastination. This cluster is interested in the phenomenon of
procrastination and the related elements appearing in academic settings,
such as college students, self-efficacy, stress, trait procrastination,
self-esteem, and optimism. Previous research shows that academic
procrastination is regarded as a problematic and common phenomenon in
academic settings (Ziegler and Opdenakker, 2018). It is revealed that academic procrastination is a severe threat to academic success for college students (Jin et al., 2019).
Cluster 4 (Yellow): The largest node is performance,
which concentrates on the ability and outcomes of study, such as
students, learning disabilities, acquisition, intelligence ability, and
higher education.
As shown in Table 8,
the most popular topic in the area of academic procrastination is
academic procrastination with the highest frequency keywords (142),
followed by procrastination (104), self-regulation (31), academic
performance (25), and college students (23). In Figure 6B,
the density visualization map shows the hot spots of the research.
Combined with the keywords findings, the hot topics of academic
procrastination revolve around procrastination, academic
procrastination, self-regulation, academic performance, and motivation.
The top five keywords were analyzed, respectively, using 356, 273, 78,
68, and 110 papers by VOSviewer co-occurrence analysis. In the figure of
overlay visualization, the size of the circle indicates the keyword
weight, and the color refers to the average citation score of the
keyword.
Procrastination
Procrastination means to “voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse off for the delay” (Steel, 2007; Steel and Ferrari, 2013), which is very common among students throughout the educational process (Uzun Ozer et al., 2014). Studies show that as high as 95% of American students suffer from procrastination (Steel, 2007), and university students who have the habit of procrastination are more than 50% (Ferrari et al., 2005). Figure 7
shows that the keywords with more than 10 scores were behavior,
self-esteem, delay, trait procrastination, academic performance,
personality, perfectionism, and self-regulation. Analyzing the impact of
academic procrastination on other factors is equally significant,
especially its relationship with self-regulation and academic
performance. Much research shows that students' propensity to
procrastinate is an important factor affecting students' performance, so
the existence of this behavioral tendency is that students with lower
propensity to procrastinate usually get better grades than students with
higher propensity to procrastinate (Hooshyar et al., 2020). A meta-analysis study shows that procrastination has a negative effect on academic performance (Kim and Seo, 2015). Recently, a study examined the effects of self-regulation on procrastination among students (de la Fuente et al., 2021), and a lot of research demonstrates that the relationship between procrastination and self-regulation are negative (Valenzuela et al., 2020).
Academic Procrastination
Based on an initial selection of 1,240 papers, 273
papers, accounting for 22%, are in connection with academic
procrastination; this means that procrastination appears as a
problematic phenomenon, especially in academic settings. When academic
procrastination appears, academic goals are always put off, leading to
psychological distress (Ferrari et al., 1995; Steel, 2007; Ljubin-Golub et al., 2019) and lower performance (Senécal et al., 1995; Schraw et al., 2007; Ljubin-Golub et al., 2019). As can be seen from Figure 8,
the keywords appearing more than 10 times were self-regulation,
failure, academic performance, delay, self-esteem, behavior, strategies,
and perspective. Researchers investigated the interventions to overcome
academic procrastination. Ziegler and Opdenakker study the effects of
academic procrastination on effort regulation, self-efficacy, and
metacognitive self-regulation (Ziegler and Opdenakker, 2018).
A study inquired about the correlations between the ecological model of
resiliency and adolescents' academic procrastination (Chen and Han, 2017).
Toker and Avci revealed that skills training based on
cognitive-behavioral theory reduced academic procrastination and had an
impact on students for a long time (Toker and Avci, 2015).
Self-Regulation
Self-regulation is considered to be the meaning;
construction of meta-behavioral order; and a skill for managing
motivational, affective, and cognitive abilities (de la Fuente et al., 2017; Garzon-Umerenkova et al., 2018). Zimmerman's model shows that self-regulation consists of three cycle phases: forethought, performance, and self-reflection (Zimmerman, 2002; Loeffler et al., 2019). In Figure 9,
the academic connections and emerging keywords are shown vividly. In
the overlapping visual map, the keywords that appeared more than 10
times are self-efficacy, self-control, strategies, procrastination,
performance, and motivation.
Self-regulation consists of
subregulations such as self-efficacy, motivation, goals, cognitive,
metacognitive, and resource management (Schmitz and Wiese, 2006).
Self-efficacy in self-regulation has the most significant predictive
effect on students' academic procrastination tendency, and it can
prevent or reduce students' academic procrastination (Klassen et al., 2008; Zhang et al., 2018). Research verifies the effects of self-regulation on procrastination and confidence in academic behavior (de la Fuente et al., 2021) and reveals that lacking self-regulatory skills has a bad effect on college students' procrastination (Balkis and Duru, 2016).
Academic Performance
As shown in Figure 10,
there exist significant correlations between academic performance and
procrastination (including academic procrastination and active
procrastination). In the overlapping visual maps, the keywords that
appeared more than 10 times are academic procrastination, active
procrastination, trait procrastination, personality, validity,
self-regulation, motivation, and students. Prior research found that
academic procrastination was a very important factor that decreased
students' academic performance. A study tested whether the metacognitive
model of procrastination could explain academic performance or not and
showed that academic performance was impaired by procrastination (Fernie et al., 2018).
Based on academic performance indicators, such as GPAs, test/assignment
scores, quiz scores, and course grades, an analysis found that
procrastination has a negative effect on academic performance (Kim and Seo, 2015; Sumaya and Darling, 2018).
A study revealed that extraversion and neuroticism have a relationship
with active procrastination. Furthermore, active procrastination can
predict GPA better than passive procrastination (Kim et al., 2017).
Research that examined irregular sleep times in relation to circadian
rhythms and academic performance suggests that, for college students,
light exposure patterns and irregular sleep have a relationship with
decreased academic performance and delayed circadian rhythms (Phillips et al., 2017).
Motivation
Motivation can be considered to be a process to show great vigor and willpower so as to complete an assignment or task (Rakes and Dunn, 2010; Cavusoglu and Karatas, 2017). As can be seen from Figure 11,
the keywords appearing more than 10 times are goals, anxiety, validity,
self-esteem, performance, self-regulation, academic procrastination,
time management, and academic self-efficacy. Previous findings show that
motivation has a close relationship with other factors such as academic
procrastination, academic achievement, and grades. Research using
self-determination theory shows that procrastination has a negative
effect on intrinsic (Rakes and Dunn, 2010; Wu and Fan, 2017) and extrinsic motivation (Reasinger and Brownlow, 2000; Wu and Fan, 2017).
Similar findings reveal that motivation is related to academic
procrastination significantly and negatively, and both of them were
significant variables in predicting academic achievement (Akpur, 2017).
The study conducting mediation analysis found that the stronger the
self-determined motivation, the less procrastination and the more likely
to achieve a higher GPA (Burnam et al., 2014).
Conclusion
The present bibliometric paper offers an overall and
visual review on the topic of academic procrastination. This study
analyzes 1,240 valid articles about academic procrastination in the WoS
core collection from the year 1938 to 2021. Since 1993, the publication
of articles in academic procrastination has been rapidly increasing.
Research in the area of academic procrastination is extensive and
involves issues, such as a wide range of subjects, such as educational
research, psychology multidiscipline, psychology educational, clinical
neurology, and rehabilitation.
In terms of the analysis of cooperation between
countries and institutions, the United States took a prominent lead
among all countries, and Canada, Turkey, England, and China have all
accomplished a fruitful job and achieved great contributions. Among the
top 10 productive institutions, 8 out of 10 came from the United States.
The truth reflects that the United States pays more attention to this
field than any other countries do. The most productive institutions in
this area were the University of Washington and University of
California, Los Angeles. Additionally, international institutions and
countries could enhance communication and cooperation with each other.
By analyzing the authors, it is clear that most authors
usually like working with a few collaborators, leading to main groups of
authors, such as Murat Balkis and June J. Pilcher. The most frequently
cited author was Esther D. Rothblum, whose research analyzed how often
college students procrastinate on academic assignments and reasons for
their procrastinating behaviors.
Based on the co-citation journals network, Personality and Individual Differences was the prolific and influential journal referring to the number of citations and articles it received. In the past few years, Personality and Individual Differences
has also attracted wide attention, which has given rise to the
publishing process of academic procrastination. A lot of journals
concentrate on psychology and multidisciplinary subjects and attract
more and more researchers and scholars from all over the world.
The VOSviewer tool identified the hot spots of academic
procrastination, which were mainly distributed as follows: (a)
procrastination, (b) academic procrastination, (c) self-regulation, (d)
academic performance, and (e) motivation.
Recommendation
Several limitations exist in this bibliometric paper.
First, the data is limited to articles only collected from the WoS
database. Therefore, there is no other data from international
databases, such as EBSCO, IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and Science Direct.
Second, the keywords query of this bibliometric research was limited to a
title search, so only 1,240 articles were analyzed. Future research
could broaden the search range to titles, abstracts, and keywords to
cover more related articles. Third, it should be noted that both the
Bibliometix tool and VOSviewer software have their own limitations
although many researchers have used the techniques in bibliometric
paper, so it is better if other software is combined with them to
analyze the data. Finally, the results of this study show that, in the
area of academic procrastination, most authors like working with a small
number of collaborators, which lead to few links between the major
authors. Future researchers could work with more collaborators in doing
their research. In conclusion, the analysis results are obviously stable
and reliable and are almost not affected by subjective experience.
Author Contributions
XT: analyzed the data and drafted this paper. HH: checked
and modified the manuscript. HA: given the idea of the topic selection
and the work design. NE: provided the detailed usage of software for
analyzing. All authors contributed to the article and approved the
submitted version.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that the research was conducted in
the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be
construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Publisher's Note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of
the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated
organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be
made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the
publisher.
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Xue Tao
Hafiz Hanif
Hamsa Hameed Ahmed2 and 
