Oliver Gassmann Publications

Oliver Gassmann

University of St.Gallen · ITEM HSG

Publications

• Getting the most out of your IP - patent management along its life cycle

  Authors: Martin A Bader, Oliver Gassmann, Nicole Ziegler, Frauke Ruether

  Drug discovery today. 11/2011; (published)

  Effectively managing and optimizing the value of the patent portfolio is a major challenge for many firms, especially those in knowledge intensive industries, such as the pharmaceutical,... [more]Effectively managing and optimizing the value of the patent portfolio is a major challenge for many firms, especially those in knowledge intensive industries, such as the pharmaceutical, biotechnological and chemical industry. However, insights on effective patent portfolio strategies are rare. Therefore, in this article we investigate in detail how firms successfully manage and optimize their patent portfolios to increase their overall competitiveness. We discover that successful patent portfolio management is rooted in managing the patents along their life cycles. Based on the findings of ten case studies, we develop a holistic patent life cycle management model reflecting five distinctive phases of patent management: explore, generate, protect, optimize and decline. We conclude with how our findings can be used in practice.

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• Why do transnational approaches to international innovation fail?

  Authors: Marcus Matthias Keupp, Oliver Gassmann

  Elsevier, Research in International Business and Finance. 01/2009; 23(2):206-222. (published)

  The transnational corporation paradigm is increasingly at odds with empirical findings regarding international innovation strategies. Analysing a longitudinal case study, we show that a firm's... [more]The transnational corporation paradigm is increasingly at odds with empirical findings regarding international innovation strategies. Analysing a longitudinal case study, we show that a firm's international R&D subsidiaries can be a powerful force that can shape strategy even more than headquarters. On the basis of a literature review that identifies factors and mechanisms by which the firm's subsidiaries are likely to exert this influence, we explore these factors and mechanisms by applying them to our case. Our findings show that international innovation strategies are unlikely to succeed if international R&D subsidiaries use their capabilities and market power to oppose their implementation.

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• International innovation and strategic initiatives: A research agenda

  Authors: Marcus M. Keupp, Oliver Gassmann

  Elsevier, Research in International Business and Finance. 01/2009; 23(2):193-205. (published)

  Despite the argument that leveraging the expertise of foreign subsidiaries to the global firm benefits the whole firm's competitive advantage, in the case of international innovation, such leveraging... [more]Despite the argument that leveraging the expertise of foreign subsidiaries to the global firm benefits the whole firm's competitive advantage, in the case of international innovation, such leveraging rarely takes place. We investigate this paradox, applying research on strategic initiatives to the context of international R&D. Developing a conceptual model on the basis of communication psychology, we analyse how the innovative expertise of R&D subsidiaries may be leveraged to benefit the global firm. Specifically, we determine six elements whose greater exploration can lead to a deeper understanding of how the innovation expertise of a foreign R&D subsidiary may be leveraged.

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• TOWARDS A RESOURCE-BASED VIEW OF CORPORATE INCUBATORS

  Authors: OLIVER GASSMANN, BARBARA BECKER

  International Journal of Innovation Management. 02/2006; 10(01). (published)

  Corporate incubators for technology development are a recent phenomenon whose functioning and implications are not yet well understood. The resource-based view can offer an explanatory model on how... [more]Corporate incubators for technology development are a recent phenomenon whose functioning and implications are not yet well understood. The resource-based view can offer an explanatory model on how corporate incubators function as specialised corporate units that hatch new businesses. While tangible resources, such as the financial, physical and even explicit knowledge flow, are all visible, and therefore easy to measure, intangible resources such as tacit knowledge and branding flow are harder to detect and localise. Managing the resource flow requires the initial allocation of resources to the corporate incubator during its set-up as well as a continuous resource flow to the technology venture and, during the harvest phase, also from it. Two levels of analysis need to be distinguished: (1) the resource flow between the corporate incubator and the technology venture and (2) the resource flow interface between the corporate incubator and the technology venture. Our empirical findings are based on two phases: First, in-depth case studies of 22 companies through 47 semi-structured interviews that were conducted with managers of large technology-intensive corporations' corporate incubators in Europe and the U.S., and second, an analysis of the European Commission's benchmarking survey of 77 incubators.

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• Corporate Incubators: Industrial R&D and What Universities can Learn from them

  Authors: Barbara Becker, Oliver Gassmann

  The Journal of Technology Transfer. 02/2006; 31(4). (published)

  The explosive growth of incubation has seen a concurrent and significant increase in research on and knowledge of the incubation phenomenon. However, instead of comprehensively differentiating... [more]The explosive growth of incubation has seen a concurrent and significant increase in research on and knowledge of the incubation phenomenon. However, instead of comprehensively differentiating between non-profit and for-profit incubators, research has described a whole array of partly overlapping archetypes, thus missing out on important aspects. This article first offers two arguments validating a framework of what non-profit university incubators can learn from for-profit corporate incubators before presenting the framework itself. While corporate incubators are for-profit organizations with which to enhance a corporation’s technology development, university incubators try to leverage technological insights from the university in a similar manner. In accordance with their respective missions, organizational structures, incubator processes and resource flows, it is possible to transfer lessons learned from two corporate incubator archetypes—the fast-profit incubator and leveraging incubator—to the world of university incubator. Our empirical findings are based on in-depth case studies of 25 companies through 52 semi-structured interviews with managers of corporate incubators of large technology-intensive corporations in Europe and the U.S., two EU incubator benchmarking surveys and five interviews with the heads of technology transfer offices of two top technology universities. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2006

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• Market versus technology drive in R&D internationalization: four different patterns of managing research and development

  Authors: Maximilian von Zedtwitz, Oliver Gassmann

  Elsevier, Research Policy. 01/2002; 31(4):569-588. (published)

  Australian and New Zealand environmental economists have played a significant role in the development of concepts and their application across three fields within their subdiscipline: non-market... [more]Australian and New Zealand environmental economists have played a significant role in the development of concepts and their application across three fields within their subdiscipline: non-market valuation, institutional economics and bioeconomic modelling. These contributions have been spurred on by debates within and outside the discipline. Much of the controversy has centred on the validity of valuations generated through the application of stated preference methods such as contingent valuation. Suggestions to overcome some shortcomings in the work of environmental economists include the commissioning of a sequence of non-market valuation studies to fill existing gaps to improve the potential for benefit transfer. Copyright 2005 Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Inc. and Blackwell Publishing Asia Pty Ltd..

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• New concepts and trends in international R&D organization

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Maximilian von Zedtwitz

  02/1999; 28(2-3). (published)

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• So managen Sie die Globalisierung von Technologie und Innovation

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/72675. (published)

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• 80% sind Rekombinationen aus bestehendem Wissen

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Marco Zeschky

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/72674. (published)

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• Die Schweiz im Wettbewerb der Wissensgesellschaft: Was sind die Wirkungen des HFKG?

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Rudolf Minsch

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/72672. (published)

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• Innovieren oder kreativ imitieren?

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/72671. (published)

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• Die Essenz des modernen ganzheitlichen Managements

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/72670. (published)

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• Open Innovation: Hebelwirkung in einer flachen Welt erzielen

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/72669. (published)

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• Patentmanagement

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Martin A. Bader

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/72666. (published)

  Dieses Buch richtet sich an Führungskräfte in den Bereichen Innovation, F&E und Patentmanagement. Wissenschaftlern und Studenten bietet das Buch anwendungsorientierte Impulse zu den Ausprägungen des... [more]Dieses Buch richtet sich an Führungskräfte in den Bereichen Innovation, F&E und Patentmanagement. Wissenschaftlern und Studenten bietet das Buch anwendungsorientierte Impulse zu den Ausprägungen des Patentmanagements von innovativen Unternehmen im hoch kompetitiven Umfeld. Ziel des Buches ist es, einen Überblick über gängige Konzepte und Bausteine des Patentmanagements zu geben. Diese werden anhand zahlreicher Fallstudien erfolgreicher Unternehmen aus unterschiedlichen Branchen vertieft. Das Buch basiert auf einer Analyse von mehr als 70 technologieintensiven Unternehmen aus West- und Osteuropa, den USA sowie Japan, China und Taiwan in den Jahren 2003 bis 2006

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• One Valuation fits all? Wie Europas innovativste Unternehmen Technologien und Patente bewerten

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Martin A. Bader, Angela Beckenbauer, Jutta Menninger, Ekaterina Lohwasser, Thomas König

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/48670. (published)

  Eine vom Institut für Technologiemanagement der Universität St.Gallen und dessen Innovations- und Intellectual Property Management Spin-off BGW im Auftrag von PricewaterhouseCoopers durchgeführte... [more]Eine vom Institut für Technologiemanagement der Universität St.Gallen und dessen Innovations- und Intellectual Property Management Spin-off BGW im Auftrag von PricewaterhouseCoopers durchgeführte Befragung der Top 500 Patentanmelder mit Sitz in Europa zeigt den Status Quo von Bewertungsanlässen und Bewertungsmethoden und die allgemeine Bedeutung von Technologien und Patenten für Unternehmen

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• One Valuation fits all? How Europe's most innovative companies valuate technologies and patents

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Martin A. Bader, Angela Beckenbauer, Jutta Menninger, Ekaterina Lohwasser, Thomas König

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/48664. (published)

  Innovations and patents make important contributions towards corporate success. A survey on the top 500 patent applicants of the European Patent Office on behalf of PricewaterhouseCoopers conducted... [more]Innovations and patents make important contributions towards corporate success. A survey on the top 500 patent applicants of the European Patent Office on behalf of PricewaterhouseCoopers conducted by the Institute of Technology Management at the University of St.Gallen, Switzerland and its innovation and intellectual property management advisory spin-off BGW reveals the status quo of valuation procedures and methods

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• Crossing the Industry-Line: Breakthrough Innovation through Cross-Industry Alliances with 'Non-Suppliers'

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Marco Zeschky, Timo Wolff, Martin Stahl

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/69704. (published)

  Past research on alliances has elaborated on the motives, determinants and benefits of cooperative relationships between firms. Notwithstanding their benefits, alliances entail mutual dependence on... [more]Past research on alliances has elaborated on the motives, determinants and benefits of cooperative relationships between firms. Notwithstanding their benefits, alliances entail mutual dependence on partners' complementary resources, and this is particularly true for vertical R&D alliances, where the development of technological innovation depends largely on suppliers' R&D results. In such settings, alliances may be prone to rigidities when it comes to developing breakthrough innovations. This article illustrates how the automobile manufacturer BMW mitigated its dependence on its established suppliers and engaged in a cross-industry alliance with a 'non-supplier' to successfully develop a breakthrough innovation. Based on the case, we discuss the strategic and operational challenges inherent in cross-industry R&D alliances with non-suppliers. Our findings imply that the success of cross-industry alliances depends on specific actions at the strategic and operational levels

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• Wir dürfen uns nicht abschotten

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/58803. (published)

  Die Globalisierung macht auch vor der F&E nicht Halt. Während andere Funktionen wie Vertrieb, Markeiting, Produktion und Logistik bereits eine lange Internationalisierungsgeschichte haben, wurde die... [more]Die Globalisierung macht auch vor der F&E nicht Halt. Während andere Funktionen wie Vertrieb, Markeiting, Produktion und Logistik bereits eine lange Internationalisierungsgeschichte haben, wurde die F&E lange als "nationaler Schatz" in der Nähe des Stammsitzes zentralisiert.

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• Der Crowdsourcing Prozess

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Michael Daiber, Louise Muhdi

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/69042. (published)

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• Advertising New Products: Exploring the Effects of Information and Product Complexity on Consumers` Responses

  Authors: Antonia Erz, Torsten Tomczak, Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/68576. (published)

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• Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights in Weak Appropriability Regimes

  Authors: Marcus Matthias Keupp, Angela Beckenbauer, Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/58983. (published)

  Many emerging economies are characterised by weak appropriability systems and absent legal systems to punish imitators. This places foreign firms' intellectual property rights at risk, because... [more]Many emerging economies are characterised by weak appropriability systems and absent legal systems to punish imitators. This places foreign firms' intellectual property rights at risk, because existing appropriation methods, such as patents or secrecy, cannot function effectively. This concern especially applies to China, the empirical context of this article. Such adverse conditions force managers to devise new strategies to safeguard their firms' intellectual property rights. Yet no evidence describes whether strategies exist, which forms they take, how they have evolved or how they get implemented. This article addresses this knowledge gap and explores strategies that managers have developed to achieve de facto protection, despite China's weak appropriability system. The analysis systematically explores 13 cases of foreign firms with wholly owned subsidiaries in China. The findings confirm that de facto strategies exist, describe how they work and detail how they were achieved. The findings suggest implications for both managers and academics.

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• Mit dem Aikido-Prinzip bestehende Geschäftsmodelle aushebeln

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Sascha Friesike, Georg Oschmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/68452. (published)

  Abgeleitet aus dem japanischen Kampfsport Aikido, stellen die Autoren eine Methodik vor, wie das bestehende Geschäftsmodell weiterentwickelt wird. Damit können Innovationen hervorgebracht werden,... [more]Abgeleitet aus dem japanischen Kampfsport Aikido, stellen die Autoren eine Methodik vor, wie das bestehende Geschäftsmodell weiterentwickelt wird. Damit können Innovationen hervorgebracht werden, welche die Branche auf den Kopf stellen und bei den Kunden gut ankommen. Anhand von zahlreichen Firmenbeispielen wie Apple, Nespresso und Dolby wird das Aikido Prinzip verständlich vorgestellt.

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• Praxiswissen Projektmanagement

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/53077. (published)

  Praxisorientierte Einführung in das Projektmanagement mit den Themen: Grundlagen; Projektorganisation; Planung, Steuerung, Kontrolle; Projektentscheidungen; Führung von Projektteams; Kreativität in... [more]Praxisorientierte Einführung in das Projektmanagement mit den Themen: Grundlagen; Projektorganisation; Planung, Steuerung, Kontrolle; Projektentscheidungen; Führung von Projektteams; Kreativität in Projekten und Selbstmanagement im Projekt. Erfahrene Praxisbeiträge.

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• Negative side effects of customer integration

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Christoph Kausch, Ellen Enkel

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/62771. (published)

  On the basis of extensive research and empirical studies, the paper illustrates different integration methods, negative side effects of customer integration, and measures to avoid them.

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• Integrating customers in product innovation: Lessons from industrial development contractors and in-house contractors in rapidly changing customer markets

  Authors: Patricia Sandmeier, Pamela D. Morrison, Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/62774. (published)

  Successful product innovation has increasingly been recognized as an outcome of integrating customers into the new product development (NPD) process. In this paper, we explore customer integration by... [more]Successful product innovation has increasingly been recognized as an outcome of integrating customers into the new product development (NPD) process. In this paper, we explore customer integration by investigating the continual consideration of customer contributions throughout the product innovation process. Trough a comparison of the customer integration practices by development contractors with those of in-house developers, we find that the iterative and adaptive innovation process structures of the development contractors facilitate the realization of the full customer contribution potential throughout the product innovation process. We also find additional support for the incorporation of open innovation into an organization's NPD activities. Our findings are based on in-depth case studies of the NPD activities of in-house developers and product development contractors.

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• Negative Side Effects of Customer Integration

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Ellen Enkel, Christoph Kausch

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/47989. (published)

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• Neue Ideenquellen erschliessen - Die Chancen von Open Innovation

  Authors: Ellen Enkel, Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/53137. (published)

  Open Innovation ist eine neue Strategie im Innovationsmanagement. Sie zielt darauf ab, externe Wissensquellen stärker zu nutzen.

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• R&D Reputation and Corporate Brand Value

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Wolf Rumsch, Erich Rütsche, Martin A. Bader

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/54607. (published)

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• Innovationsstandort Schweiz

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Peter Hürzeler

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/57463. (published)

  Der Artikel ordnet die Schweiz unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Innovationsleistung anhand ausgewählter Input- und Outputgrössen in einen europäischen Kontext ein. Das Land hat sich durch die Leistungen... [more]Der Artikel ordnet die Schweiz unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Innovationsleistung anhand ausgewählter Input- und Outputgrössen in einen europäischen Kontext ein. Das Land hat sich durch die Leistungen der Vergangenheit eine gute Ausgangslage geschaffen, sieht sich jedoch als Innovationsstandort einem steigenden internationalen Wettbewerb ausgesetzt. Des Weiteren gibt der Artikel einen Überblick über die wichtigsten Akteure der privatwirtschaftlichen F&E in der Schweiz und zeichnet das Bild einer vielfältigen und forschungsstarken Innovationslandschaft. Aus Managementsicht können Unternehmen vor allem von der hiesigen Forschungs- und Bildungsinfrastruktur profitieren, wenn sie ihre internen Innovationsprozesse gezielt und systematisch gegenüber externen Wissensträgern öffnen.

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• The \"silver market in Europe\": Myth or reality?

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Marcus Matthias Keupp

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/46872. (published)

  The European Union is currently facing many challenges related to the current demographic developments which imply both increasing life expectancy as well as low birth rates. These demographic... [more]The European Union is currently facing many challenges related to the current demographic developments which imply both increasing life expectancy as well as low birth rates. These demographic changes will confront most European economies with an ageing society. They imply serious consequences for Europe\'s competitive position in the world economy, its eco-nomic growth, and the social security systems of its member states. Recent statistics show that Europe\'s societies are on an irreversible track towards ageing societies. In 2002, the average birth rate in European industrialised societies was about 1.5 children per woman, a rate 30% below the rate needed for a stabilisation of the population. This low birth rate ranges from 1.2 in Spain and 1.3 in Germany and Switzerland to about 1.9 in Ireland . Due to the thus implied steadily decreasing generativity, Germany\'s population will decrease by 12 to 17 million individuals by 2050, with the remaining population growing older and older . Similar effects can be expected for all other European societies. As this demographic develop-ment cannot be reversed in the short run, firms and policy makers alike are facing the challenge to adopt their firm strategies and economic policies to these developments. Our analysis focuses on providing tangible results that can help to develop new policies. Specifically, our paper will embark on a double analysis of both macroeconomic and microeconomic developments EU industries and firms will face upon the demographic changes. This discussion will evolve as follows. First, by the macroeconomic perspective, we will discuss which industry sectors in the EU will be affected most by the demographic changes, and what these sectors can do to address this challenge. This analysis is based on our five-year research experience and our extant results on this topic. By this analysis, we predominantly address the impact of the demographic changes on the economic growth, employment and competitiveness of EU economies. We will also specifically comment on the employability of older workers, the capacity of the EU economies to innovate in order to meet and respond to the demographic changes, and on the potential social and economic contribution of active ageing. Our discussion will also put an emphasis on ICT, analysing how different industry sectors may benefit from ICT innovations for an ageing so-ciety. Second, by the microeconomic perspective, we will analyse to challenges for firms\' strategies to adequately address to demographic change by appropriate ICT products and services as well as by appropriate innovation and marketing strategies. These issues are very important, because the \'50+\' age group of consumers has a different set of preferences and has to be addresses differently than the classical target group of consumers aged 14 to 49. We will also comment on the nature of ageing-related products and services as merit goods, and how the EU can take advantage of this nature by appropriate S&T policies that will stimulate innovations that both contribute to firms\' earnings as well as to economic growth as a whole. Following these two discussions, we will chart out the challenges for future research, always analysing these challenges in the light of what type of research the EU would need to gain a deep understanding of the societal and firm impact and thus to elaborate which economic policies to apply, how to adapt the EU\'s S&T policies, and by doing so, how to best ensure the EU\'s economic growth and competitiveness. We will show that these aims will not be met despite, but in accordance with and even because of the future demographic developments. In contrast to most authors who emphasise the potentially disastrous implications for national social security and pension systems, a specific focus of our analysis will show how the EU can, by appropriate policy-making, enhance European firms\' growth and competitiveness and can thus contribute to the economic well-being of the whole EU area.

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• The Cross-Industry Innovation Process – Developing Break-Through Cross-Industry Innovation with Analogical Thinking

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Marco Zeschky

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/56308. (published)

  In this article we investigate the approach of analogical thinking for product innovation. We collected data of projects from four engineering firms where analogical thinking was successfully applied... [more]In this article we investigate the approach of analogical thinking for product innovation. We collected data of projects from four engineering firms where analogical thinking was successfully applied for breakthrough Cross-Industry Innovations. This type of innova-tion is characterized by applying knowledge and technologies from other industries in the own industry\'s context. Results show that abstracting the problem by in-depth tech-nical and contextual analysis is pivotal when searching for analogical solutions. Fur-thermore, chances for the identification of highly novel analogous solutions are in-creased if the problem is abstracted to the level of its structural similarities to other set-tings. We also found that the identification of structural similarities is supported when firms not only rely on the cognitive abilities of the individual but employ an active search based on abstract search terms. Based on these insights, we propose a process model for the development of Cross-Industry Innovations by means of analogical thinking.

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• Globale Innovationsprozesse: Eine Tatsache, trotz Widerständen

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/53788. (published)

  Die Forschung und Entwicklung ist zu einem globalen Dorf geworden. Unternehmen, die dies negieren, werden kaum überleben.

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• Dodo Portfolios vermeiden

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Sascha Friesike

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/57031. (published)

  Krisen und Rezession führen in der Regel dazu, dass Ressourcen reduziert werden. 'Lean Management' wird zum Mantra der Unternehmensberater und Top Manager. Dabei werden einige Unter-nehmen so schlank... [more]Krisen und Rezession führen in der Regel dazu, dass Ressourcen reduziert werden. 'Lean Management' wird zum Mantra der Unternehmensberater und Top Manager. Dabei werden einige Unter-nehmen so schlank gemacht, dass diese an Magersucht langfristig untergehen. Die Krise selbst ist dabei für die wenigsten Unternehmen lebensbedrohlich. Die langfristige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit steht im Zentrum der erfolgreichen Unternehmenslenker. Dies zeigt auch die Natur.

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• The Role of Intermediaries in Cross-Industry Innovation Processes

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Michael Daiber, Ellen Enkel

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/62816. (published)

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• Enabling and Sustaining Exploration Activities in balanced Structures: Lonza's Approach to Controlling its Innovation Portfolio

  Authors: Michael Daiber, Marco Zeschky, Oliver Gassmann

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/62813. (published)

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• An Empirical Study of the Antecedents for Radical Product Innovations and Capabilities of Transformation

  Authors: Andreas Herrmann, Oliver Gassmann, U. Eisert

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

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• Radikale Innovation ist nicht planbar wie ein Produktionsprozess

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Marco Zeschky

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

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• Dem Zufall auf die Sprünge helfen

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Marco Zeschky

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

  Radikale Innovationen verhelfen zu Wettbewerbsvorteilen und können Branchengrenzen sprengen, wie die Beispiele NetJets, Hiltis Laserdistanzmessgerät, Starbucks oder Ryan Air zeigen. Eine Möglichkeit,... [more]Radikale Innovationen verhelfen zu Wettbewerbsvorteilen und können Branchengrenzen sprengen, wie die Beispiele NetJets, Hiltis Laserdistanzmessgerät, Starbucks oder Ryan Air zeigen. Eine Möglichkeit, solche Innovationen systematisch zu entwickeln, ist die Übertragung von Technologien und Lösungen aus anderen Industrien, so genannten Cross-Industry-Innovationen (CII).

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• Neue Grenzen für Innovation

  Authors: Lydia Ebersbach, Sven Reinecke, Oliver Gassmann

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

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• Subsidiary anti-nitiatives: Why do foreign subsidiaries decide to not leverage expertise to the firm?

  Authors: Marcus Matthias Keupp, Oliver Gassmann

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

  Research on subsidiary initiatives has focussed a lot on the positive aspects of such initiatives for both the subsidiary and the global firm. In this paper we question the underlying assump-tion of... [more]Research on subsidiary initiatives has focussed a lot on the positive aspects of such initiatives for both the subsidiary and the global firm. In this paper we question the underlying assump-tion of this research that to leverage subsidiary expertise represents a Pareto improvement for both the global firm and the sub-sidiary. We then develop the idea of anti-nitiatives, that is, the conscious activi-ties of a foreign subsidiary in a multinational firm that aim to not leverage the subsidiary's expertise to the global firm. We further distinguish 'active' and 'pas-sive' anti-nitiatives. Following this conceptual development, we use a grounded theory approach to explore the reasons for the existence and persistence of anti-nitiatives by analy-sing a longitudinal single case study. We find ample evidence for the existence of anti-nitiatives and for the various forms they can take. We are also able to iden-tify the reasons and enabling factors for their emergence. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for research on subsidiary initiatives, and we discuss some impacts for research on strategic initiatives.

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• Why don't you use it: The under-utilisation problem of international R&D

  Authors: Marcus Matthias Keupp, Oliver Gassmann

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

  By this paper we explore an interesting and paradoxical phenomenon: Despite firms possessing and controlling resources to conduct internaitonal R&D, most innovations still come from headquarters.... [more]By this paper we explore an interesting and paradoxical phenomenon: Despite firms possessing and controlling resources to conduct internaitonal R&D, most innovations still come from headquarters. Taking the firm as unit of analysis, we analyse 183 foreign research and 260 foreign development units of 93 Swiss and German firms. We show that the respective extent of international research and international development is contingent on specialised subsidiary resources and on determinants of the firm's strategic commitment to engage in international innovatory activities.

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• Safeguarding intellectual property rights in emerging economies: The case of factual protection strategies in China

  Authors: Marcus Matthias Keupp, Oliver Gassmann

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

  Many emerging economies are characterised by a weak appropriability system and the ab-sence of a strong legal system that effectively punishes imitators. In such environments, for-eign firms'... [more]Many emerging economies are characterised by a weak appropriability system and the ab-sence of a strong legal system that effectively punishes imitators. In such environments, for-eign firms' intellectual property rights are at risk, becau-se the known methods of appropria-tion, such as patents or secrecy, are unlikely to work. This setting especially applies to China, the empirical context of our article. Due to these adverse conditions, managers are facing the challenge to devise new strategies to safeguard the appropriation of their firms' intellectual property rights. However, besides the presumption that such strategies may exist, we do not know whether they do, and if so, which forms they take, how they evolved, and how they are implemented in the everyday conduct of business. While we know a lot about how to protect intellectual property rights in Western countries with strong appropriability regimes, we know next to nothing about how to a-chieve this protection in emerging economies with weak appropriability regimes. It is the goal of our article to close this gap in our extant body of knowledge, and to explore the strategies that managers in China have developed to achieve 'factual' protection despite China's weak appropriability system. To do this, we systematically explore and analyse 13 cases of foreign firms that have wholly owned subsidiaries in China. Our findings document that such 'factual' strategies truly exist, how they work, and how they were achieved. From these findings, we derive implications for both managers and academics.

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• Beyond the TNC paradigm in research on international innovation

  Authors: Marcus Matthias Keupp, Oliver Gassmann

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

  Recent advances in international management theory as well as new empirical findings cast doubts on the explanatory validity of Bartlett and Ghoshal's para-digm of the transnational corporation (TNC)... [more]Recent advances in international management theory as well as new empirical findings cast doubts on the explanatory validity of Bartlett and Ghoshal's para-digm of the transnational corporation (TNC) as a superior form of economic or-ganisation, at least as it refers to firms' international innovation activi-ties. In this contribution we present findings from two firm-level surveys that present psychometrically derived intrafirm data on the international research and deve-lopment (R&D) activities of multina-tional firms. These data cast additional doubts on the explanatory validity of the TNC paradigm. Following our results, we suggest a more fine-grained look at the intrafirm orga-nisation of interna-tional R&D using firm-level data. Drawing on literature on the decision making behaviour of indi-viduals and on organisational phenomena, and taking up recent calls in literature for research beyond the TNC paradigm, we propose a decision-making perspective on international R&D and offer some suggestions for a quantitative operationalisation of this new perspective.

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• Protection without patents: How firms in China earn rents from innovation by 'factual' protection

  Authors: Marcus Matthias Keupp, Oliver Gassmann

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

  In this contribution we analyse how the managers of foreign firms in China craft strategies to protect their intellectual property rights (IPR). We show that a 'mo-dernist' perspective would predict... [more]In this contribution we analyse how the managers of foreign firms in China craft strategies to protect their intellectual property rights (IPR). We show that a 'mo-dernist' perspective would predict IPR protection by patents, and we show why China's formal legal system is not capa-ble to provide effective IPR protection. This contradiction leads to our assumption that man-agers have crafted 'factual' strategies to protect their IPR without using the formal legal sys-tem. From our analysis of 13 in-depth case studies, we find that managers have indeed crafted such 'factual' strategies by their interaction with the societal context of China. We also find that only a 'micro' perspective on strategy could have detected this causal pat-tern, whereas a 'modernist' perspective would have led to erroneous conclusions. The societal context is identified as an important causal factor that determines the way managers craft strategy. We also find that the societal con-text makes them undergo a process of continual learning that strengthens their firms' competitive positions within and outside this societal context. These fin-dings have important implications for future theory development and pro-vide interesting insights for industry managers.

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• Handbuch Technologie- und Innovationsmanagement

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Söhnke Albers

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/39351. (published)

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• Management von Innovation und Risiko

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Carmen Kobe

  http://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/Publikationen/39342. (published)

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• Extreme Innovation

  Authors: Patricia Sandmeier, Oliver Gassmann

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

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• Corporate Incubators: Industrial R&D and What Universities can learn from them

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Barbara Becker

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

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• Gaining Leverage Effects from Knowledge Modes with Corporate Incubators

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Barbara Becker

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

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• Extreme Customer Innovation in the Front End: Learning from a New Software Paradigm

  Authors: Oliver Gassmann, Patricia Sandmeier, Christoph Wecht

  University of St.Gallen. (published)

  The front-end phase of the innovation process constitutes up to two-thirds of the total cost of new product development (NPD). In response to the new open innovation paradigm, new ways to integrate... [more]The front-end phase of the innovation process constitutes up to two-thirds of the total cost of new product development (NPD). In response to the new open innovation paradigm, new ways to integrate customers’ knowledge into the innovation front-end must be explored. In an attempt to learn from analogous situations in which the interface between developers and customers has been managed successfully, this article analyses the Extreme Programming (XP) approach of software engineering. Through its iterative but disciplined probe-and-learn cycles, the approach helps companies effectively develop advanced products with the help of their customers. Using case studies from interviews with R&D directors of 16 technology-intensive companies, the applicability of successful practices from XP to traditional NPD is analyzed. The authors identify four determinants for front-end management that reside between creativity and resource efficiency. These determinants dictate the potential for front-end effectiveness improvement and enable the maximum amount of knowledge generation and absorption from the customer.

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Oliver Gassmann